2007 - Chemistry, Gerhard Ertl "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" b.1936
Economics, Leonid Hurwicz "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
Economics, Eric S. Maskin
Economics, Roger B. Myerson
Literature, Doris Lessing "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny" b.1919
Medicine, Mario R. Capecchi "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"
Medicine, Sir Martin J. Evans
Medicine, Oliver Smithies
Peace, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change------ The IPCC assesses the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change. in 1988
Peace, Al Gore "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change" b.1948
Physics, Albert Fert "for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance"
Physics, Peter Grünberg
2006 -Chemistry, Roger D. Kornberg "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" b.1947
Economics, Edmund S. Phelps "for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy" b.1933
Literature, Orhan Pamuk"who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures" b.1952
Medicine, Andrew Z. Fire "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"
Medicine, Craig C. Mello
Peace, Grameen Bank in 1976
Peace, Muhammad Yunus"for their efforts to create economic and social development from below" b.1940
Physics, John C. Mather "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"
Physics, George F. Smoot
2005 -Chemistry, Yves Chauvin "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
Chemistry, Robert H. Grubbs
Chemistry, Richard R. Schrock
Economics, Robert J. Aumann "for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"
Economics, Thomas C. Schelling
Literature, Harold Pinter"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms" b.1930
Medicine, Barry J. Marshall "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"
Medicine, J. Robin Warren
Peace, International Atomic Energy Agency in 1957
Peace, Mohamed ElBaradei "for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way" b.1942
Physics, Roy J. Glauber"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"
Physics, John L. Hall"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"
Physics, Theodor W. Hänsch
2004 -Chemistry, Aaron Ciechanover"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
Chemistry, Avram Hershko
Chemistry, Irwin Rose
Economics, Finn E. Kydland"for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles"
Economics, Edward C. Prescott
Literature, Elfriede Jelinek"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power" b.1946
Medicine, Richard Axel"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
Medicine, Linda B. Buck
Peace, Wangari Maathai"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace" b.1940
Physics, David J. Gross"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
Physics, H. David Politzer
Physics, Frank Wilczek
2003 -Chemistry, Peter Agre"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes""for the discovery of water channels"
Chemistry, Roderick MacKinnon"for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
Economics, Robert F. Engle III"for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)"
Economics, Clive W.J. Granger"for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)"
Literature, J. M. Coetzee"who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider" b.1940
Medicine, Paul C. Lauterbur"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"
Medicine, Sir Peter Mansfield
Peace, Shirin Ebadi"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children." b.1947
Physics, Alexei A. Abrikosov "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
Physics, Vitaly L. Ginzburg
Physics, Anthony J. Leggett
2002 -Chemistry, John B. Fenn"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules"
Chemistry, Koichi Tanaka "for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"
Chemistry, Kurt Wüthrich"for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"
Economics, Daniel Kahneman"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"
Economics, Vernon L. Smith "for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms"
Literature, Imre Kertész"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history" b.1929
Medicine, Sydney Brenner"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
Medicine, H. Robert Horvitz
Medicine, John E. Sulston
Peace, Jimmy Carter"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development" b.1924
Physics, Raymond Davis Jr."for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"
Physics, Riccardo Giacconi"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
Physics, Masatoshi Koshiba
2001 -Chemistry, William S. Knowles"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"
Chemistry, Ryoji Noyori
Chemistry, K. Barry Sharpless "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
Economics, George A. Akerlof"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
Economics, A. Michael Spence
Economics, Joseph E. Stiglitz
Literature, V. S. Naipaul"for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories" b.1932
Medicine, Leland H. Hartwell"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"
Medicine, Tim Hunt
Medicine, Sir Paul Nurse
Peace, United Nations in 1945
Peace, Kofi Annan"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world" b.1938
Physics, Eric A. Cornell"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
Physics, Wolfgang Ketterle
Physics, Carl E. Wieman
2000 -Chemistry, Alan Heeger"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"
Chemistry, Alan G. MacDiarmid
Chemistry, Hideki Shirakawa
Economics, James J. Heckman"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples"
Economics, Daniel L. McFadden"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice"
Literature, Gao Xingjian"for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama" b.1940
Medicine, Arvid Carlsson"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"
Medicine, Paul Greengard
Medicine, Eric R. Kandel
Peace, Kim Dae-jung"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular" b.1925
Physics, Zhores I. Alferov"for basic work on information and communication technology"
Physics, Jack S. Kilby"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics"
Physics, Herbert Kroemer"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"
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1999 -Chemistry, Ahmed Zewail "for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" b.1946
Economics, Robert A. Mundell"for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas" b.1932
Literature, Günter Grass "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history" b.1927
Medicine, Günter Blobel "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell" b.1936
Peace, Médecins Sans Frontières "in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents" in 1971
Physics, Gerardus 't Hooft "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"
Physics, Martinus J.G. Veltman
1998 -Chemistry, Walter Kohn"for his development of the density-functional theory"
Chemistry, John Pople"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"
Economics, Amartya Sen "for his contributions to welfare economics" b.1933
Literature, José Saramago "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality" b.1922
Medicine, Robert F. Furchgott"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
Medicine, Louis J. Ignarro
Medicine, Ferid Murad
Peace, John Hume "for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"
Peace, David Trimble
Physics, Robert B. Laughlin"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
Physics, Horst L. Störmer
Physics, Daniel C. Tsui
1997 -Chemistry, Paul D. Boyer "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"
Chemistry, Jens C. Skou"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"
Chemistry, John E. Walker
Economics, Robert C. Merton "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"
Economics, Myron S. Scholes
Literature, Dario Fo"who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden" b.1926
Medicine, Stanley B. Prusiner"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection" b.1942
Peace, International Campaign to Ban Landmines in 1992
Peace, Jody Williams"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines" b.1950
Physics, Steven Chu"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
Physics, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
Physics, William D. Phillips
1996 -Chemistry, Robert F. Curl Jr. "for their discovery of fullerenes"
Chemistry, Sir Harold Kroto
Chemistry, Richard E. Smalley
Economics, James A. Mirrlees"for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information"
Economics, William Vickrey
Literature, Wislawa Szymborska"for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality" b.1923
Medicine, Peter C. Doherty"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"
Medicine, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
Peace, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo "for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor"
Peace, José Ramos-Horta
Physics, David M. Lee "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
Physics, Douglas D. Osheroff
Physics, Robert C. Richardson
1995 -Chemistry, Paul J. Crutzen "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
Chemistry, Mario J. Molina
Chemistry, F. Sherwood Rowland
Economics, Robert E. Lucas Jr. "for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy" b.1937
Literature, Seamus Heaney "for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past" b.1939
Medicine, Edward B. Lewis "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
Medicine, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Medicine, Eric F. Wieschaus
Peace, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs in 1957
Peace, Joseph Rotblat"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms" b.1908
Physics, Martin L. Perl"for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics" "for the discovery of the tau lepton"
Physics, Frederick Reines "for the detection of the neutrino"
1994 -Chemistry, George A. Olah "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" b.1927
Economics, John C. Harsanyi "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"
Economics, John F. Nash Jr.
Economics, Reinhard Selten
Literature, Kenzaburo Oe"who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today" b.1935
Medicine, Alfred G. Gilman "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
Medicine, Martin Rodbell
Peace, Yasser Arafat"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East"
Peace, Shimon Peres
Peace, Yitzhak Rabin
Physics, Bertram N. Brockhouse "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"
Physics, Clifford G. Shull"for the development of neutron spectroscopy" "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique"
1993 -Chemistry, Kary B. Mullis "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry" "for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"
Chemistry, Michael Smith"for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"
Economics, Robert W. Fogel "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"
Economics, Douglass C. North
Literature, Toni Morrison "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality" b.1921
Medicine, Richard J. Roberts "for their discoveries of split genes"
Medicine, Phillip A. Sharp
Peace, F.W. de Klerk "for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"
Peace, Nelson Mandela
Physics, Russell A. Hulse "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
Physics, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
1992 -Chemistry, Rudolph A. Marcus "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" b.1923
Economics, Gary S. Becker "for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour" b.1930
Literature, Derek Walcott "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment" b.1930
Medicine, Edmond H. Fischer "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"
Medicine, Edwin G. Krebs
Peace, Rigoberta Menchú Tum "in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples" b.1950
Physics, Georges Charpak "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" b.1924
1991 -Chemistry, Richard R. Ernst "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" b.1933
Economics, Ronald H. Coase "for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy" b.1910
Literature, Nadine Gordimer "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity" b.1923
Medicine, Erwin Neher "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"
Medicine, Bert Sakmann
Peace, Aung San Suu Kyi "for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights" b.1945
Physics, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers" b.1932-2007
1990 -Chemistry, Elias James Corey "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" b.1928
Economics, Harry M. Markowitz "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"
Economics, Merton H. Miller
Economics, William F. Sharpe
Literature, Octavio Paz "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity" b.1914-1998
Medicine, Joseph E. Murray "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
Medicine, E. Donnall Thomas
Peace, Mikhail Gorbachev "for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community" b.1931
Physics, Jerome I. Friedman "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
Physics, Henry W. Kendall
Physics, Richard E. Taylor
1989 -Chemistry, Sidney Altman "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
Chemistry, Thomas R. Cech
Economics, Trygve Haavelmo "for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures" b1911-1999
Literature, Camilo José Cela "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability" b.1916-2002
Medicine, J. Michael Bishop "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"
Medicine, Harold E. Varmus
Peace, The 14th Dalai b. 1935 Lama
Physics, Hans G. Dehmelt "for the development of the ion trap technique"
Physics, Wolfgang Paul
Physics, Norman F. Ramsey "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"
1988 -Chemistry, Johann Deisenhofer"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"
Chemistry, Robert Huber
Chemistry, Hartmut Michel
Economics, Maurice Allais"for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources" b.1911
Literature, Naguib Mahfouz "who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind" b.1911-2006
Medicine, Sir James W. Black "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
Medicine, Gertrude B. Elion
Medicine, George H. Hitchings
Peace, United Nations Peacekeeping Forces in 1988
Physics, Leon M. Lederman "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
Physics, Melvin Schwartz
Physics, Jack Steinberger
1987 -Chemistry, Donald J. Cram "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
Chemistry, Jean-Marie Lehn
Chemistry, Charles J. Pedersen
Economics, Robert M. Solow "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth" b.1924
Literature, Joseph Brodsky "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity" b.1940-1996
Medicine, Susumu Tonegawa "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity" b.1939
Peace, Oscar Arias Sánchez "for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year" b.1941
Physics, J. Georg Bednorz "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"
Physics, K. Alex Müller
1986 -Chemistry, Dudley R. Herschbach "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"
Chemistry, Yuan T. Lee
Chemistry, John C. Polanyi
Economics, James M. Buchanan Jr. "for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making" b.1919
Literature, Wole Soyinka "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence" b.1934
Medicine, Stanley Cohen "for their discoveries of growth factors"
Medicine, Rita Levi-Montalcini
Peace, Elie Wiesel b.1928
Physics, Gerd Binnig"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"(1/4)
Physics, Heinrich Rohrer
Physics, Ernst Ruska"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope" (1/2)
1985 -Chemistry, Herbert A. Hauptman "for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
Chemistry, Jerome Karle
Economics, Franco Modigliani "for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets" b.1918-2003
Literature, Claude Simon "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition" b.1913-2005
Medicine, Michael S. Brown "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"
Medicine, Joseph L. Goldstein
Peace, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
Physics, Klaus von Klitzing "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect" b.1943
1984 -Chemistry, Bruce Merrifield "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" b.1921-2006
Economics, Richard Stone "for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis" b.1913-1991
Literature, Jaroslav Seifert "for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man" b.1901-1986
Medicine, Niels K. Jerne "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"
Medicine, Georges J.F. Köhler
Medicine, César Milstein
Peace, Desmond Tutu b.1931
Physics, Carlo Rubbia "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"
Physics, Simon van der Meer
1983 -Chemistry, Henry Taube "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes" b.1915-2005
Economics, Gerard Debreu "for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium" b.1921-2004
Literature, William Golding "for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today" b.1911-1993
Medicine, Barbara McClintock "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements" b.1902-1992
Peace, Lech Walesa b.1943
Physics, Subramanyan Chandrasekhar "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"
Physics, William A. Fowler"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"
1982 -Chemistry, Aaron Klug "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" b.1926
Economics, George J. Stigler "for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation" b.1911-1991
Literature, Gabriel García Márquez "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts" b.1928
Medicine, Sune K. Bergström "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"
Medicine, Bengt I. Samuelsson
Medicine, John R. Vane
Peace, Alfonso García Robles
Peace, Alva Myrdal
Physics, Kenneth G. Wilson "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions" b.1936
1981 -Chemistry, Kenichi Fukui "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"
Chemistry, Roald Hoffmann
Economics, James Tobin "for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices" b.1918-2002
Literature, Elias Canetti "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power" b.1905-1994
Medicine, David H. Hubel
Medicine, Roger W. Sperry "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres" (1/2)
Medicine, Torsten N. Wiesel"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"
Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in 1951
Physics, Nicolaas Bloembergen
Physics, Arthur L. Schawlow"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
Physics, Kai M. Siegbahn "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy" (1/2)
1980 -Chemistry, Paul Berg "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" (1/2)
Chemistry, Walter Gilbert"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
Chemistry, Frederick Sanger
Economics, Lawrence R. Klein "for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies" b.1920
Literature, Czeslaw Milosz "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts" b.1911-2004
Medicine, Baruj Benacerraf "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
Medicine, Jean Dausset
Medicine, George D. Snell
Peace, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel b.1931
Physics, James Cronin "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"
Physics, Val Fitch
1979 -Chemistry, Herbert C. Brown "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
Chemistry, Georg Wittig
Economics, Sir Arthur Lewis "for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries"
Economics, Theodore W. Schultz
Literature, Odysseus Elytis "for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness"
Medicine, Allan M. Cormack "for the development of computer assisted tomography"
Medicine, Godfrey N. Hounsfield
Peace, Mother Teresa Leader of Missionaries of Charity, Calcutta
Physics, Sheldon Glashow "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
Physics, Abdus Salam
Physics, Steven Weinberg
1978 -Chemistry, Peter Mitchell "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"
Economics, Herbert A. Simon "for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations"
Literature, Isaac Bashevis Singer "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"
Medicine, Werner Arber "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"
Medicine, Daniel Nathans
Medicine, Hamilton O. Smith
Peace, Anwar al-Sadat
Peace, Menachem Begin
Physics, Pyotr Kapitsa "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics" (1/2)
Physics, Arno Penzias"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
Physics, Robert Woodrow Wilson
1977 -Chemistry, Ilya Prigogine "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"
Economics, James E. Meade "for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements"
Economics, Bertil Ohlin
Literature, Vicente Aleixandre "for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry beween the wars"
Medicine, Roger Guillemin
Medicine, Andrew V. Schally"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"
Medicine, Rosalyn Yalow "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"
Peace, Amnesty International
Physics, Philip W. Anderson "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
Physics, Sir Nevill F. Mott
Physics, John H. van Vleck
1976 -Chemistry, William Lipscomb "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"
Economics, Milton Friedman "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy"
Literature, Saul Bellow "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"
Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
Medicine, D. Carleton Gajdusek
Peace, Mairead Corrigan
Peace, Betty Williams
Physics, Burton Richter "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
Physics, Samuel C.C. Ting
1975 -Chemistry, John Cornforth "for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"
Chemistry, Vladimir Prelog"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"
Economics, Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich "for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"
Economics, Tjalling C. Koopmans
Literature, Eugenio Montale "for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions"
Medicine, David Baltimore "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
Medicine, Renato Dulbecco
Medicine, Howard M. Temin
Peace, Andrei Sakharov Soviet nuclear physicist
Physics, Aage N. Bohr "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
Physics, Ben R. Mottelson
Physics, James Rainwater
1974 -Chemistry, Paul J. Flory "for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules"
Economics, Gunnar Myrdal "for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena"
Economics, Friedrich August von Hayek
Literature, Eyvind Johnson "for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom"
Literature, Harry Martinson"for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos"
Medicine, Albert Claude "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"
Medicine, Christian de Duve
Medicine, George E. Palade
Peace, Seán MacBride
Peace, Eisaku Sato
Physics, Antony Hewish "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"
Physics, Martin Ryle
1973 -Chemistry, Ernst Otto Fischer "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"
Chemistry, Geoffrey Wilkinson
Economics, Wassily Leontief "for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"
Literature, Patrick White "for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature"
Medicine, Konrad Lorenz "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"
Medicine, Nikolaas Tinbergen
Medicine, Karl von Frisch
Peace, Le Duc Tho
Peace, Henry Kissinger
Physics, Leo Esaki
Physics, Ivar Giaever"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
Physics, Brian D. Josephson "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects" (1/2)
1972 -Chemistry, Christian Anfinsen "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" (1/2)
Chemistry, Stanford Moore"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
Chemistry, William H. Stein
Economics, Kenneth J. Arrow "for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"
Economics, John R. Hicks
Literature, Heinrich Böll "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature"
Medicine, Gerald M. Edelman "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"
Medicine, Rodney R. Porter
Peace, no$ was Awarded ------The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund
Physics, John Bardeen "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
Physics, Leon N. Cooper
Physics, Robert Schrieffer
1971 -Chemistry, Gerhard Herzberg "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"
Economics, Simon Kuznets "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"
Literature, Pablo Neruda "for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams"
Medicine, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"
Peace, Willy Brandt
Physics, Dennis Gabor "for his invention and development of the holographic method"
1970 -Chemistry, Luis Leloir "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"
Economics, Paul A. Samuelson "for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"
Literature, Alexandr Solzhenitsyn "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature"
Medicine, Julius Axelrod "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"
Medicine, Sir Bernard Katz
Medicine, Ulf von Euler
Peace, Norman Borlaug International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico City
Physics, Hannes Alfvén "for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro- dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics"
Physics, Louis Néel"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics"
1969 -Chemistry, Derek Barton "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"
Chemistry, Odd Hassel
Economics, Ragnar Frisch "for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes"
Economics, Jan Tinbergen
Literature, Samuel Beckett "for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"
Medicine, Max Delbrück "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
Medicine, Alfred D. Hershey
Medicine, Salvador E. Luria
Peace, International Labour Organization
Physics, Murray Gell-Mann "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
1968 -Chemistry, Lars Onsager "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
Literature, Yasunari Kawabata "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind"
Medicine, Robert W. Holley "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
Medicine, H. Gobind Khorana
Medicine, Marshall W. Nirenberg
Peace, René Cassin
Physics, Luis Alvarez "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"
1967 -Chemistry, Manfred Eigen "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"
Chemistry, Ronald G.W. Norrish
Chemistry, George Porter
Literature, Miguel Angel Asturias "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"
Medicine, Ragnar Granit "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
Medicine, Haldan K. Hartline
Medicine, George Wald
Peace, no$ was Awarded
Physics, Hans Bethe "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
1966 -Chemistry, Robert S. Mulliken "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"
Literature, Shmuel Agnon "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"
Literature, Nelly Sachs"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"
Medicine, Charles B. Huggins"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"
Medicine, Peyton Rous "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"
Peace, no$ was Awarded-----
Physics, Alfred Kastler "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"
1965 -Chemistry, Robert B. Woodward "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"
Literature, Mikhail Sholokhov "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people"
Medicine, François Jacob "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"
Medicine, André Lwoff
Medicine, Jacques Monod
Peace, United Nations Children's Fund
Physics, Richard P. Feynman "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
Physics, Julian Schwinger
Physics, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
1964 -Chemistry, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"
Literature, Jean-Paul Sartre "for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age"
Medicine, Konrad Bloch "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"
Medicine, Feodor Lynen
Peace, Martin Luther King
Physics, Nicolay G. Basov "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"
Physics, Aleksandr M. Prokhorov
Physics, Charles H. Townes
1963 -Chemistry, Giulio Natta "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"
Chemistry, Karl Ziegler
Literature, Giorgos Seferis "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture"
Medicine, Sir John Eccles "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"
Medicine, Alan L. Hodgkin
Medicine, Andrew F. Huxley
Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
Peace, League of Red Cross Societies
Physics, Maria Goeppert-Mayer"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"
Physics, J. Hans D. Jensen
Physics, Eugene Wigner "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
1962 -Chemistry, John C. Kendrew "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"
Chemistry, Max F. Perutz
Literature, John Steinbeck "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"
Medicine, Francis Crick "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"
Medicine, James Watson
Medicine, Maurice Wilkins
Peace, Linus Pauling
Physics, Lev Landau "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"
1961 -Chemistry, Melvin Calvin "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"
Literature, Ivo Andric "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country"
Medicine, Georg von Békésy "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"
Peace, Dag Hammarskjöld
Physics, Robert Hofstadter "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"
Physics, Rudolf Mössbauer"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name"
1960 -Chemistry, Willard F. Libby "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"
Literature, Saint-John Perse "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time"
Medicine, Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"
Medicine, Peter Medawar
Peace, Albert Lutuli
Physics, Donald A. Glaser "for the invention of the bubble chamber"
1959 -Chemistry, Jaroslav Heyrovsky "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"
Literature, Salvatore Quasimodo "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times"
Medicine, Arthur Kornberg "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
Medicine, Severo Ochoa
Peace, Philip Noel-Baker
Physics, Owen Chamberlain
Physics, Emilio Segrè "for their discovery of the antiproton"
1958 -Chemistry, Frederick Sanger "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"
Literature, Boris Pasternak "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"
Medicine, George Beadle
Medicine, Joshua Lederberg "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria" (1/2)
Medicine, Edward Tatum"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
Peace, Georges Pire
Physics, Pavel A. Cherenkov "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"
Physics, Il´ja M. Frank
Physics, Igor Y. Tamm
1957 -Chemistry, Lord Todd "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"
Literature, Albert Camus "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times"
Medicine, Daniel Bovet "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"
Peace, Lester Bowles Pearson
Physics, Tsung-Dao Lee "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"
Physics, Chen Ning Yang
1956 -Chemistry, Sir Cyril Hinshelwood "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"
Chemistry, Nikolay Semenov
Literature, Juan Ramón Jiménez "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity"
Medicine, André F. Cournand "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"
Medicine, Werner Forssmann
Medicine, Dickinson W. Richards
Peace, no$ was Awarded-----
Physics, John Bardeen "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
Physics, Walter H. Brattain
Physics, William B. Shockley
1955 -Chemistry, Vincent du Vigneaud "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"
Literature, Halldór Laxness "for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"
Medicine, Hugo Theorell "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"
Peace, no$ was Awarded-----
Physics, Polykarp Kusch"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"
Physics, Willis E. Lamb "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"
1954 -Chemistry, Linus Pauling "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"
Literature, Ernest Hemingway "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"
Medicine, John F. Enders
Medicine, Frederick C. Robbins "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
Medicine, Thomas H. Weller
Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Physics, Max Born "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"
Physics, Walther Bothe"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"
1953 -Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"
Literature, Winston Churchill "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"
Medicine, Hans Krebs "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"
Medicine, Fritz Lipmann"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"
Peace, George C. Marshall
Physics, Frits Zernike "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"
1952 -Chemistry, Archer J.P. Martin "for their invention of partition chromatography"
Chemistry, Richard L.M. Synge
Literature, François Mauriac "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life"
Medicine, Selman A. Waksman "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"
Peace, Albert Schweitzer
Physics, Felix Bloch "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
Physics, E. M. Purcell
1951 -Chemistry, Edwin M. McMillan "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"
Chemistry, Glenn T. Seaborg
Literature, Pär Lagerkvist "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind"
Medicine, Max Theiler "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"
Peace, Léon Jouhaux
Physics, John Cockcroft
Physics, Ernest T.S. Walton "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"
1950 -Chemistry, Kurt Alder "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"
Chemistry, Otto Diels
Literature, Bertrand Russell "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought"
Medicine, Philip S. Hench "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
Medicine, Edward C. Kendall
Medicine, Tadeus Reichstein
Peace, Ralph Bunche
Physics, Cecil Powell "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"
1949 -Chemistry, William F. Giauque "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"
Literature, William Faulkner "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"
Medicine, Walter Hess "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"
Medicine, Egas Moniz"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses"
Peace, Lord Boyd Orr
Physics, Hideki Yukawa "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces"
1948 -Chemistry, Arne Tiselius "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"
Literature, T.S. Eliot "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"
Medicine, Paul Müller "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"
Peace, no$ was Awarded-----
Physics, Patrick M.S. Blackett "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"
1947 -Chemistry, Sir Robert Robinson "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"
Literature, André Gide "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"
Medicine, Carl Cori"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"
Medicine, Gerty Cori
Medicine, Bernardo Houssay "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar" (1/2)
Peace, Friends Service Council
Peace, American Friends Service Committee
Physics, Edward V. Appleton "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer"
1946 -Chemistry, John H. Northrop"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
Chemistry, Wendell M. Stanley
Chemistry, James B. Sumner "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" (1/2)
Literature, Hermann Hesse "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"
Medicine, Hermann J. Muller "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"
Peace, Emily Greene Balch
Peace, John R. Mott
Physics, Percy W. Bridgman "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics"
1945 -Chemistry, Artturi Virtanen "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"
Literature, Gabriela Mistral"for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"
Medicine, Ernst B. Chain "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"
Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming
Medicine, Sir Howard Florey
Peace, Cordell Hull
Physics, Wolfgang Pauli "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle"
1944 -Chemistry, Otto Hahn "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"
Literature, Johannes V. Jensen "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"
Medicine, Joseph Erlanger "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"
Medicine, Herbert S. Gasser
Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
Physics, Isidor Isaac Rabi "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"
1943 -Chemistry, George de Hevesy "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"
Literature, no$ was Awarded
Medicine, Henrik Dam "for his discovery of vitamin K"
Medicine, Edward A. Doisy"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"
Peace, no$ was Awarded-----
Physics, Otto Stern "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"
1942 - no$ was Awarded
1941 -no$ was Awarded
1940 -no$ was Awarded
1939 -Chemistry, Adolf Butenandt "for his work on sex hormones"
Chemistry, Leopold Ruzicka"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"
Literature, Frans Eemil Sillanpää "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature"
Medicine, Gerhard Domagk "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"
Peace, no$ was Awarded-----
Physics, Ernest Lawrence "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"
1938 -Chemistry, Richard Kuhn "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"
Literature, Pearl Buck "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"
Medicine, Corneille Heymans "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"
Peace, Nansen International Office for Refugees
Physics, Enrico Fermi "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"
1937 -Chemistry, Norman Haworth "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"
Chemistry, Paul Karrer"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
Literature, Roger Martin du Gard "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault "
Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"
Peace, Robert Cecil
Physics, Clinton Davisson "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"
Physics, George Paget Thomson
1936 -Chemistry, Peter Debye "for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"
Literature, Eugene O'Neill "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"
Medicine, Sir Henry Dale "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"
Medicine, Otto Loewi
Peace, Carlos Saavedra Lamas
Physics, Carl D. Anderson "for his discovery of cosmic radiation"
Physics, Victor F. Hess"for his discovery of the positron"
1935 -Chemistry, Frédéric Joliot "in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements"
Chemistry, Irène Joliot-Curie
Literature, no$ was Awarded
Medicine, Hans Spemann "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"
Peace, Carl von Ossietzky
Physics, James Chadwick "for the discovery of the neutron"
1934 -Chemistry, Harold C. Urey "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"
Literature, Luigi Pirandello "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art"
Medicine, George R. Minot "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
Medicine, William P. Murphy
Medicine, George H. Whipple
Peace, Arthur Henderson
Physics, no$ was Awarded
1933 -Chemistry, no$ was Awarded
Literature, Ivan Bunin "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing"
Medicine, Thomas H. Morgan "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"
Peace, Sir Norman Angell
Physics, Paul A.M. Dirac "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"
Physics, Erwin Schrödinger
1932 -Chemistry, Irving Langmuir"for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"
Literature, John Galsworthy "for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga "
Medicine, Edgar Adrian "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"
Medicine, Sir Charles Sherrington
Peace, no$ was Awarded-----
Physics, Werner Heisenberg "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia(among other things), led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"
1931 -Chemistry, Friedrich Bergius "in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"
Chemistry, Carl Bosch
Literature, Erik Axel Karlfeldt "The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt"
Medicine, Otto Warburg "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"
Peace, Jane Addams
Peace, Nicholas Murray Butler
Physics, no$ was Awarded
1930 -Chemistry, Hans Fischer "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"
Literature, Sinclair Lewis "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters"
Medicine, Karl Landsteiner "for his discovery of human blood groups"
Peace, Nathan Söderblom
Physics, Sir Venkata Raman "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"
1929 -Chemistry, Arthur Harden "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"
Chemistry, Hans von Euler-Chelpin
Literature, Thomas Mann "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks , which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"
Medicine, Christiaan Eijkman "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"
Medicine, Sir Frederick Hopkins"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"
Peace, Frank B. Kellogg
Physics, Louis de Broglie "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"
1928 -Chemistry, Adolf Windaus "for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"
Literature, Sigrid Undset "principially for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"
Medicine, Charles Nicolle "for his work on typhus"
Peace, no$ was Awarded
Physics, Owen Willans Richardson "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"
1927 -Chemistry, Heinrich Wieland "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"
Literature, Henri Bergson "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brillant skill with which they have been presented"
Medicine, Julius Wagner-Jauregg "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"
Peace, Ferdinand Buisson
Peace, Ludwig Quidde
Physics, Arthur H. Compton "for his discovery of the effect named after him"
Physics, C.T.R. Wilson"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
1926 -Chemistry, The Svedberg "for his work on disperse systems"
Literature, Grazia Deledda "for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"
Medicine, Johannes Fibiger "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"
Peace, Aristide Briand
Peace, Gustav Stresemann
Physics, Jean Baptiste Perrin "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium"
1925 -Chemistry, Richard Zsigmondy "for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry"
Literature, George Bernard Shaw "for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty"
Medicine, no$ was Awarded
Peace, Sir Austen Chamberlain
Peace, Charles G. Dawes
Physics, James Franck "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"
Physics, Gustav Hertz
1924 -Chemistry, no$ was Awarded
Literature, Wladyslaw Reymont "for his great national epic, The Peasants "
Medicine, Willem Einthoven "for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"
Peace, no$ was Awarded-----
Physics, Manne Siegbahn "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy"
1923 -Chemistry, Fritz Pregl "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"
Literature, William Butler Yeats "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation"
Medicine, Frederick G. Banting "for the discovery of insulin"
Medicine, John Macleod
Peace, no$ was Awarded-----
Physics, Robert A. Millikan "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"
1922 -Chemistry, Francis W. Aston "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"
Literature, Jacinto Benavente "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama"
Medicine, Archibald V. Hill "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"
Medicine, Otto Meyerhof"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"
Peace, Fridtjof Nansen
Physics, Niels Bohr "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"
1921 -Chemistry, Frederick Soddy "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"
Literature, Anatole France "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament"
Medicine, no$ was Awarded
Peace, Hjalmar Branting
Peace, Christian Lange
Physics, Albert Einstein "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"
1920 -Chemistry, Walther Nernst "in recognition of his work in thermochemistry"
Literature, Knut Hamsun "for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil "
Medicine, August Krogh "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"
Peace, Léon Bourgeois
Physics, Charles Edouard Guillaume "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"
1919 -Chemistry, no$ was Awarded
Literature, Carl Spitteler "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring "
Medicine, Jules Bordet "for his discoveries relating to immunity"
Peace, Woodrow Wilson
Physics, Johannes Stark "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"
1918 -Chemistry, Fritz Haber "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"
Literature, no$ was Awarded
Medicine, no$ was Awarded
Peace, no$ was Awarded-----
Physics, Max Planck "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta"
1917 -Chemistry, no$ was Awarded
Literature, Karl Gjellerup "for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals"
Literature, Henrik Pontoppidan"for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark"
Medicine, no$ was Awarded
Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
Physics, Charles Glover Barkla "for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements"
1916 -Chemistry, no$ was Awarded
Literature, Verner von Heidenstam "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"
Medicine, no$ was Awarded
Peace, no$ was Awarded-----
Physics, no$ was Awarded
1915 -Chemistry, Richard Willstätter "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"
Literature, Romain Rolland "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings"
Medicine, no$ was Awarded
Peace, no$ was Awarded-----
Physics, William Bragg
Physics, Lawrence Bragg "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays"
1914 -Chemistry, Theodore W. Richards "in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"
Literature, no$ was Awarded
Medicine, Robert Bárány "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"
Peace, no$ was Awarded-----
Physics, Max von Laue "for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals"
1913 -Chemistry, Alfred Werner "in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry"
Literature, Rabindranath Tagore "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West"
Medicine, Charles Richet "in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis"
Peace, Henri La Fontaine
Physics, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"
1912 -Chemistry, Victor Grignard "for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry"
Chemistry, Paul Sabatier"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years"
Literature, Gerhart Hauptmann "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art"
Medicine, Alexis Carrel "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"
Peace, Elihu Root
Physics, Gustaf Dalén "for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys"
1911 -Chemistry, Marie Curie "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"
Literature, Maurice Maeterlinck "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations"
Medicine, Allvar Gullstrand "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"
Peace, Tobias Asser
Peace, Alfred Fried
Physics, Wilhelm Wien "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat"
1910 -Chemistry, Otto Wallach "in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"
Literature, Paul Heyse "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"
Medicine, Albrecht Kossel "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"
Peace, Permanent International Peace Bureau
Physics, Johannes Diderik van der Waals "for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids"
1909 -Chemistry, Wilhelm Ostwald "in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"
Literature, Selma Lagerlöf "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"
Medicine, Theodor Kocher "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"
Peace, Auguste Beernaert
Peace, Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
Physics, Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"
Physics, Guglielmo Marconi
1908 -Chemistry, Ernest Rutherford "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"
Literature, Rudolf Eucken "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life"
Medicine, Paul Ehrlich "in recognition of their work on immunity"
Medicine, Ilya Mechnikov
Peace, Klas Pontus Arnoldson
Peace, Fredrik Bajer
Physics, Gabriel Lippmann "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"
1907 -Chemistry, Eduard Buchner "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"
Literature, Rudyard Kipling "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author"
Medicine, Alphonse Laveran "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"
Peace, Ernesto Teodoro Moneta
Peace, Louis Renault
Physics, Albert A. Michelson "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"
1906 -Chemistry, Henri Moissan "in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him"
Literature, Giosuè Carducci "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"
Medicine, Camillo Golgi
Medicine, Santiago Ramón y Cajal "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"
Peace, Theodore Roosevelt
Physics, J.J. Thomson "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"
1905 -Chemistry, Adolf von Baeyer "in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"
Literature, Henryk Sienkiewicz "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"
Medicine, Robert Koch "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"
